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Certain machines have to wait before carrying out an action. It is not advisable for a compressor to restart immediately after it has stopped. A fan should continue to run after a heater has switched ...

A practical home lighting control plan starts with the rooms, routines and lighting needs of the household. Go into a house at night and see how many lights are still on. In most homes there are at le...

A power failure will eventually affect all households, causing the lights to go out, the fans to slow down and the Wi-Fi router to lose connection. Two devices offer a solution and appear very similar...

Digital systems need to store information; for example, a counter has to keep its count, a processor must retain an address, and a controller has to maintain its state between steps.

Whenever you check the label on any kettle, fan or charger you will notice a number followed by the letter W. That number shows how rapidly the device consumes electrical energy.

Signals frequently reach the wrong DC level. For example, a sine wave might vary between -5 V and +5 V, even though the following stage requires a voltage range from 0 V to +10 V.

Keypads, switches and sensors generate a large number of individual signals. The processor selects a short code; there must be something in between the two, and this is the role of the encoder.

Previously, adjusting a radio involved turning a knob that was connected to a large air-gap capacitor. Now, the same thing is achieved using a small semiconductor chip and a control voltage.

For over two thousand years people have used water to carry out work. For instance, early mills made use of a wheel and a stream to grind grain. Nowadays the same principle is used to light entire cit...